Over time, health care, including hospice care, has become standardized. Care pathways and checklists guide our practice to ensure quality outcomes. While these tools are important, how do we keep from losing the patient and family in the process?

Having spent over thirty years working as a hospice nurse, person-centered care was integral to my practice long before it had a name. Listening carefully and respectfully to patients and families, having hard conversations, honoring choices, values, and goals, incorporating them into a care plan, and providing emotional support were the tools I used each day.

Over time, health care, including hospice care, has become standardized. Care pathways and checklists guide our practice to ensure quality outcomes. While these tools are important, how do we keep from losing the patient and family in the process? 

A recent article in the October 29, 2023, issue of the Journal of Cardiac Failure discusses the impact of heart failure in the United States. Heart failure is a huge public health concern in the United States. 6.7 million Americans over the age of 20 are living with heart failure. Public health trending data paints a grim picture. One in four people will develop heart failure in their lifetime, resulting in over 8.5 million people living with heart failure by 2030. What does that mean for you? It means you know people who have or will develop heart failure, and you will be caring for more patients living with heart failure too.

Introducing Mr. Scott

Mr. Scott is an example of such a patient. He is 68 years old, a retired school principal, and a part-time woodworker. He has a long history of hypertension and heart failure. He has been hospitalized twice in the last 6 months for exacerbation of his heart failure. Mr. Scott is being discharged from the hospital. The discharge instructions feel overwhelming to Mr. Scott and his wife. They discuss what life will look like with all the restrictions and wonder what is next for them. 

Heart Failure Management in the Post-Acute Setting 

Successful heart failure care typically requires supportive services in the community setting. Patients and families may need private-duty home care support while the patient recovers strength and independence. Home health services are often ordered to support transitioning to a new medication regimen, a new way of eating, and a paced exercise program. Some patients may seek care in a senior living setting because their care needs can no longer be managed in their home. As heart failure progresses, hospice services may be introduced to maximize comfort as life ends. 

Best Practices in Heart Failure Management 

No matter the care setting, heart failure best practices include three areas of focus. 

  • 1. Self-care Maintenance, which typically includes some or all of the following:

    • Sodium and fluid restrictions
    • Avoiding alcohol
    • Good sleep and exercise habits
    • Taking medications as prescribed
    • Adapting work, hobbies, and travel activities as needed.
  • 2. Self-care Monitoring, which includes things like:

    • Daily measuring of weight and blood pressure.
    • Keeping track of symptoms such as swelling, chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, fever, dizziness, or palpitations.
    • Noticing changes in activity tolerance, fatigue, or mood.
    • Reaching out when support needs change.
  • 3. Self-care Management, which includes responses to symptom changes noted above:

    • Notifying the health care provider.
    • Adjustments to diuretic doses.
    • Adjustments to other medications.
    • Diet changes.
    • Changes in activity level.

 

Despite the robust and standardized approach to the management of heart failure, a 2021 Medicare report states that 30% of patients hospitalized with heart failure are readmitted within 30 days, and up to 50% are readmitted within one year. Research shows that community support helps decrease these rehospitalizations.

Individualizing Heart Failure Management Using Person-Centered Care Concepts

What does patient-centered care look like in your organization? At Activated Insights, we incorporate person-centered care in our course content by ensuring we address the 6 key concepts. The importance of:

  • Effective Listening

  • Valuable Conversations

  • Emotional Understanding

  • Shared Decision-Making & Goals

  • Respecting Choices

  • Successful Care Planning

     

Mr. Scott’s Journey

Let’s apply the 6 Person-Centered Care Concepts to Mr. Scott’s journey. Mr. Scott returns home from his latest hospitalization. His discharge orders include restricting his daily sodium intake to 1500 mg and limiting his intake of red meat. His diuretic medication was changed, and a new beta blocker was added to his medication regimen.

Effective Listening – Valuable Conversations

The home health nurse learned the following in her conversation with Mr. Scott and his wife. 

Emotional Understanding – Respecting Choices

The nurse continued the conversation to ensure she understood Mr. Scott’s feelings about the changes he was being asked to make along with the goals and choices for his care.

  • Mr. Scott is unwilling to remove the saltshaker from the kitchen table.

  • Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Scott are in the habit of reading labels for sodium content.

  • Bacon, beef, and pork are staples in their cooking.

  • “The hospital food was terrible! It was tasteless and bland.”

  • Mr. Scott eats breakfast at the Corner Café with his farming buddies each morning and lunches at another neighborhood coffee shop each afternoon.

  • Mr. Scott is more fatigued now that his medications have changed.

  • Mr. Scott is limiting his activities in the morning due to the increased effect of the diuretic.

  • Mr. Scott is unhappy with these changes. “This is no way to live!”

  • Mr. Scott’s goal is to return to his woodworking two days a week, and to be able to eat what he likes with his friends.

     

Shared Decision Making and Goals – Successful Care Planning

Together, they came up with a plan that respected Mr. Scott’s choices while also helping him reach his stated goal.

Mr. Scott’s Person-Centered Care Plan

Goal: Continue to enjoy meals with friends while learning to decrease his sodium intake. 

  • Typically, a heart failure patient is encouraged to eat a low-sodium breakfast, like fruit and oatmeal.

  • Mr. Scott was encouraged to switch out his biscuits and gravy (700 mg sodium) for bacon and eggs (300 mg sodium). If he decided to eat biscuits and gravy on occasion, he would need to balance his other food choices throughout the day and monitor his weight.

  • Mr. Scott would eat lunch at home on the days he had biscuits and gravy for breakfast since home-cooked meals can be lower in sodium.

  • Mr. and Mrs. Scott were not open to introducing chicken and/or fish into their meal planning.

     

Goal: Resume favorite activities. 

  • Mr. Scott agreed to check his blood pressure daily for two weeks and call his nurse practitioner if his blood pressure was higher or lower than the parameters provided.

  • He was agreeable to resting and pacing his activities for two weeks while he adjusted to the new medications.

  • Mr. Scott struggled with the diuretic dose change’s impact on his activities. After much discussion, he agreed to try the new dose for two weeks. He would go to breakfast at 6 am as usual, then take the diuretic when he returned home. He felt he could manage to do a few things around the house and then meet friends for coffee in the afternoon once the initial effects of the diuretic had passed.

     

Contrasting Care Plans

Unlike Mr. Scott’s personalized care plan, a standard care plan differs from one uniquely created for an individual based upon their care preferences.

A standard care plan can look like this:

  • Patient will adhere to 1500 mg sodium restriction.

  • Patient will limit red meat to once per week.

  • Patient will take all medications as prescribed.

  • Patient will weigh daily and report weight gain of 3 pounds or more to the physician.

  • Patient will keep a log of episodes of shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, and fatigue.

     

Care providers then label the patient as non-compliant when they eat salty foods and red meat and skip their diuretic so they can go to a community event.

The question that arises then is, “Is the patient non-compliant, or does the care plan fail to reflect what matters to them?”

That question is at the heart of person-centered care.

Tying it all Together

A 55-year-old, newly diagnosed heart failure patient with the goal of attending a family wedding in a year may be motivated to transform their diet, adhere to a new medication regimen, and participate in a cardiac rehab program. An 85-year-old, newly diagnosed heart failure patient who sees his ability to continue his summer hiking adventures slipping away may choose an occasional anchovy pizza and skip their diuretic so they can comfortably attend a family picnic.

Which approach, person-centered care or standard care plan, is best for your patient, your family member, or for you? The only way to get it right is to have these conversations, identify goals, and then build a plan of care that supports success in what matters most.

May you be the provider who uses person-centered care concepts to enable success. May you be lucky enough to encounter such a provider when you and your family members need one.

Remember, compassion, empathy, and respect matter. Above all, incorporating patient and family needs, values, and desires into the care plan matters.

To learn more about applying person centered care concepts, check out the following Activated Insights blogs.

Learn More:

Unlock Access to Insider Tips

Get exclusive updates on webinars, free resources, and expert advice.

Cover of the 2025 Activated Insights Benchmarking Report. It features diverse individuals in home-based care settings, including caregivers and patients, against colorful backgrounds. Text highlights home care, home health, and hospice themes.

The results are in!

The 2025 Activated Insights Benchmarking Report will be available soon. Get $300 OFF when you pre-order! (No code needed. Report available Late Spring.)